I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYJohn Day Fossil Beds National Monument was founded to “preserve, and provide for the scientific and public understanding of the John Day region, and the natural, scenic, and cultural resources within the boundaries of the national monument” (JODA General Management Plan, 2009). The monument’s museum collection includes both natural history and cultural collections. The natural history collection emphasizes paleontological and geological specimens related to a span of nearly 50 million years within the John Day region. Paleontological collections include vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, and trace fossils. Geology collections mainly include lithologic and pedologic samples as well thin sections, many of which were collected to support paleontological research. Other natural history collections include biological specimens that document the recent fauna and flora of the John Day region. This consists of a herbarium of plants from the area, a collection of invertebrates within the monument, and tissue samples, skeletons, and skins of vertebrates.The monument’s cultural collection contains archeological and historic objects from the area, as well as a significant collection of archives. The archeology collection includes stone projectile points and tools related to Native American activity in the area. The historical collection includes objects related to the James Cant Ranch Historic District, representing late 19th and early 20th century (circa 1890-1946) sheep ranching in Eastern Oregon. The archival collections contain documents of historical interest, but also scientific field notes, rare books, and rare scientific reprints that support ongoing paleontological research at the monument. II. INTRODUCTIONA. Purpose of the Scope of Collection StatementThis Scope of Collection Statement (SOCS) serves to define the scope of present and future museum collections at John Day Fossil Beds National Monument (JODA). All museum collections must contribute to the park’s mandate for research, education, management, and interpretation. This document is designed to ensure that all museum holdings and associated records are clearly relevant to the park’s mission and objectives.Specifically, this document is designed to:
B. Legislation Related to National Park Service Museum CollectionsThe National Park Service’s (NPS) legal mandate for acquiring and preserving museum collections is contained in the following legislation:16 USC 431-433 – The American Antiquities Act of 1906
16 USC 1 et seq. – The Organic Act of 1916
16 USC 461-467 – The Historic Sites Act of 1935
16 USC 18f – The Management of Museum Properties Act of 1955
16 USC 469-469c – The Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960
16 USC 470-470t, Sec. 110 – The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
16 USC 469-469c – The Archeological and Historical Preservation Act of 1974
16 USC 470aa-mm – The Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979
16 USC 5901 – The National Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998
16 USC 470aaa – Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009
Other laws and regulations that may apply to the JODA museum collections are listed in Appendix I. C. Monument History, Significance, Purpose, Themes, and GoalsThe fossil resources of the John Day River Basin in east central Oregon have been studied since the 1860s. Following early research in the area, the State of Oregon set aside lands including some of the most significant fossil deposits, including them as part of the Oregon state park system. Three Oregon state park sites were then included as the heart of what would ultimately become the John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. Today, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument encompasses approximately 14,000 acres of Oregon’s John Day River Valley, located within Grant and Wheeler Counties. The monument includes three separate units: the Sheep Rock Unit within Grant and Wheeler Counties, and the Clarno and Painted Hills Units within Wheeler County.The enabling legislation for John Day Fossil Beds National Monument was authorized October 26, 1974 (Public Law 93-486) and the monument was established October 8, 1975. Following its establishment, the NPS acquired portions of the James Cant Ranch in 1976. The ranch house and outbuildings ultimately became the home of the park’s visitor services and administration facilities. As part of the negotiations associated with acquisition of the ranch, there was an understanding that the park would also interpret the history of ranching in the area. After upgrades to the Cant Ranch facilities, the park was officially dedicated on August 23, 1978. In 1984, the 200-acre Cant Ranch historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places, including the main house, ranch structures, and irrigated fields. To better interpret both the historic site and the region’s fossil history, the park worked to establish a paleontological research facility separate from the James Cant Ranch. In 2001, the park received approval for the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, which was opened to the public in January 2004 with museum exhibits opening in 2005. The Thomas Condon Paleontology center houses museum collections and accessions areas, a paleontology laboratory, and staff offices, as well as a visitor center and museum exhibits. Soon after the park was established, museum collections began in 1976, primarily historical objects associated with the Cant Ranch. Professional paleontological collecting in the park began when Theodore Fremd was hired by the park in June 1984. There were approximately 300 fossil specimens in the collections at that time. Over the next 25 years, the professional field collection and curation at the monument greatly expanded the collections. At this time (2015), the collections at JODA contain approximately 120,000 total objects. A detailed history the museum collection may be found in the JODA Museum Management Plan (2008). According to the monument’s 2009 General Management Plan, the monument’s purpose is: “to preserve, and provide for the scientific and public understanding of the John Day region, and the natural, scenic, and cultural resources within the boundaries of the national monument.”
The JODA General Management Plan (2009) also includes several significance statements that augment this statement of purpose: “Primary Significance
Other Significance
The fundamental resources in the park are also identified in the General Management Plan (2009). Those that relate directly to the museum and collections include:
The monument’s Resource Management Plan (1999) includes the following resource management objectives:
According to the monument’s Long-Range Interpretive Plan (2010), the primary interpretive theme of John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is: “At John Day Fossil Beds National Monument:
Thus, it is a wonderful place to study the Earth’s history.”
Park scientists (in the 2009 GMP) have supplemented this primary theme by the following: “The large sequence of fossil biotas and paleosols in the John Day region shows us that climate and life are intrinsically linked and continually changing.” “There are multiple, well preserved fossil assemblages in the John Day region that represent over 40 million years of the Earth’s history and may be dated with great accuracy.”
A secondary theme is:
“The landscape and people of the John Day region have been shaped by many factors; a major influence was sheep ranching, which was economically very important to the John Day Region in the early 20th Century”
Documents relevant to the maintenance and management of the museum collections include: General Management Plan (2009)
Museum Management Plan (2008) Long-Range Interpretive Plan (2010) Paleontological Research Plan (1989) Resource Management Plan (1999) D. Laws, Regulations, and Conventions Related to Museum CollectionsFederal laws, Departmental regulations, and Servicewide policies authorize and require parks to maintain and manage museum collections. Archeological collections recovered from within the monument’s boundaries are Federal property and must be retained in the monument’s museum collection in accordance with 43 CFR 7.13 and NPS Management Policies (2001). This does not apply to items subject to 25 USC 3001-13, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA).In accordance with 36 CFR 2.5g, the NPS Research Permit and Reporting System requires permits to collect natural resource specimens state that recovered specimens remain Federal property and must be retained within the monument’s museum collection, and “1) Specimens placed in displays or collections will bear official NPS museum labels (NPS Form 10-500 through 10-505) and their catalog numbers will be registered in the NPS National Catalog; and 2) Specimens and data derived from consumed specimens must be made available to the public, and reports and publications resulting from a research collecting permit shall be filed with the superintendent”. Given the importance of paleontological resources to monument’s purpose, it is important to note the National Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998 authorizes the NPS to withhold information from the public in response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request concerning the nature and specific location of “endangered, threatened, rare, or commercially valuable” National Park System resources including “mineral or paleontological objects”, when disclosure of information would create an unreasonable risk of harm, theft, or destruction of the resource or object. Other laws, regulations, directives, and conventions related to NPS museum collections are included in Appendix I of this document, as well as the NPS Museum Handbook, Part I, Appendix A. E. Structures, Landmarks, and Other Park Resources Listed on National or International RegistriesThe James Cant Ranch Historic District is a 200-acre ranch complex that was nominated and included on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The Cant Ranch has been considered a local landmark in the John Day River Valley and represents the history of late 19th and early 20th century ranching operations in the region. Cultural collections from this district that represent the primary period of significance (1890-1946) are included in the JODA museum collections.III. TYPES OF COLLECTIONSThe museum collection at John Day Fossil Beds National Monument is central to the monument’s purpose, both protecting resources and providing a central location for their study. As indicated in the introduction, the museum collections also play a vital role in supporting the monument’s resource management and interpretive goals.The NPS Museum Management Program (MMP) recognizes seven types of collections that for organizational reasons are separated into two major categories: 1) Natural History Collections [Paleontology, Geology, and Biology], and 2) Cultural Collections [History, Archeology, Ethnology, and Archives]. The JODA museum collections contain both natural and cultural history collections. Only ethnological collections are not represented at JODA. The paleontological and geological collections at JODA represent the very elements for which John Day Fossil Beds National Monument was established and are central to both the purpose of the monument and to the mission of the NPS. These collections document a span of nearly 50 million years of time within the John Day Region; the history of evolutionary and geological change they record is the basis of ongoing research at JODA. As a result of this emphasis, the majority of the collections at JODA are natural resource collections. The paleontology and geology collections, which make up about 44% of the collections, demand a great degree of specialized care in all aspects of acquisition and curation (including prospecting, excavation, preparation, data collection, data management, collections management, and conservation). It requires a competent subject matter specialist to determine the research and curatorial importance of a specimen or collection of paleontological resources. Therefore, it is essential that JODA maintain a curatorial staff that is fluent in paleontological collection, curation, and research techniques. By convention, objects that have an origin outside of paleontology and geology (including cultural and biological materials) are accessioned into the museum only when they have a specific research, educational, or management value that requires that they be preserved. Library and archive collections also receive a significant emphasis by the JODA curation team when they consist of important documentation of relevant scientific inquiry (i.e. field notes), when they consist of relevant scientific literature (i.e. rare books or scientific reprints), or when they document the history of scientific research or administrative history at the unit itself. A. Natural History CollectionsJODA has multiple specialists in fields of natural history on staff and most of the museum collections are categorized as natural history by the Museum Management Program. The research emphasis at JODA is paleontological analysis of the John Day Region from about 55 to 5 million years ago. This includes: taxonomy and phylogenetic systematics, evolution, paleoecology, taphonomy, paleobiogeography, biochronology, geochronology, lithologic analysis, paleoclimate, and other subdisciplines of earth and life sciences. Accordingly, the greatest emphasis of collecting and acquisitions in the JODA museum is placed on paleontological and geological specimens, and related archival and library materials.1. Paleontology
Paleontological collections at JODA include vertebrate, invertebrate, plant, and trace fossils from the John Day Region. The monument’s primary purpose is to protect paleontological resources within its boundaries and provide for their understanding, through scientific research and education. New fossil specimens in the John Day Region are constantly exposed and threatened by erosion. In order to preserve paleontological resources, the museum collection must accept a large volume of material from a broadly diverse group of taxa, yet at the same time must focus the collection so as to insure that space is always available to accept scientifically significant specimens that continue to appear. The scientific basis for the monument’s collections requires that fossils found both within and outside monument boundaries should be considered for inclusion in the collection. It is the purpose of the JODA Paleontology Division to pursue active research and collections on all paleontological biotas from the John Day Region that date between roughly 55 and 5 Ma. Fossils that are collected from or directly relate to the geological formations contained in the monument’s multiple units are within the appropriate scope of collections for JODA. As the value of fossils is the information they contain, it is important that fossil resources outside the monument be preserved that enrich our understanding of the fossils within the monument boundaries. Loss of certain fossil specimens outside the monument could result in the degradation of the monument’s resources via the loss of unique information about the history of the region. Fossil specimens that are identified by unit paleontologists as scientifically or educationally significant (including index and geographic voucher specimens) are considered for inclusion in the museum collection. The JODA Museum Curator, with the consultation of subject matter specialists as needed, will make the final determinations with regard to the scientific and educational utility of fossil specimens. Any specimen found within the monument boundary which is of such preservation as to be irreplaceable is appropriate for inclusion in the collection. Unidentifiable fragments of bone can always be found, but each complete bone or tooth is unique, regardless of how many specimens of that taxon have been found before. Materials collected solely for hands-on interpretive programs within the monument should not be accessioned into the museum. Specimens collected outside monument boundaries from contemporaneous formations in Central and Eastern Oregon may be considered for inclusion to the JODA museum collections. These associated formations include, but are not limited to, the Simtustus, Deschutes, Shutler, Ironside, Drewsey, Juntura, and Sucker Creek Formations, and their associated faunas and floras. JODA has had interagency agreements (IA) and memoranda of understanding (MOU) with the management teams of other Federally Administered lands in the region (IA9325-8-0001, MOU #G9325080014 / NFS 08- MOU-11062759-018) for well over a decade; agreements that are currently being updated. In accordance with those agreements, the JODA Paleontology staff is committed to offering professional assistance and in recommending land management actions with respect to Paleontology for these lands (including multiple BLM districts, U.S. Forest Service Units, BIA administered lands, and others). When fossils collected on these lands fit the JODA paleontology scope of research (roughly 55 – 5 million years in age) and are determined by subject matter specialists to be scientifically or educationally significant, they should be considered for inclusion into the JODA museum collection. However, this may exclude fossils collected by cooperating agencies for purely management reasons (if the scientific or educational values of the specimens or collections are determined by subject matter specialists to be low). Specimens originating outside of the monument’s boundaries may be included in the museum collection if they are relevant to or would enhance the scientific utility of monument resources. To be deemed appropriate for inclusion in the museum collection, such a specimen must fulfill one of the following conditions:
Fossil specimens from geological formations that fall outside the roughly 55 to 5 million year time span may be considered appropriate for preservation in the JODA museum collections if they are recovered within the monument boundaries. These may include Cretaceous fauna and flora found in the Goose Rock Conglomerates or Pleistocene specimens found in alluvial terraces or fissure fills. Specimens that are found outside the monument boundaries and fall outside of the roughly 55 to 5 Ma time interval should be considered for outside repositories if there are space or research concerns that render such a decision reasonable. The JODA Museum Curator, in coordination with subject matter specialists and the JODA Superintendent, will make the determination as to the appropriate repository for such specimens. Assistance may also be sought from non-NPS researchers, subject matter specialists, or other NPS unit and regional curators.
Fossil specimens which meet the above criteria, but belong to other institutions may be acquired by the museum as incoming loans for the purpose of research or reproduction. Reproductions created from loaned specimens may be included in the museum collection. The associated loan agreement should include permission to make such reproductions. All new paleontological accessions must be accompanied by detailed locality, stratigraphic, and collector information. Specific guidance with respect to collecting fossil specimens may be found in NPS Director’s Order 77: Natural Resources Management. Unauthorized monument staff and visitors should be discouraged from picking up surface finds. Fossils found on the surface should be left in or returned to their original location, and paleontology staff should be notified as soon as possible for the possible handling of these objects. 41.6% of the JODA museum collections are Paleontology. 2. Geology Geological specimens make up a small, but important portion of the JODA museum collections. Collected as scientific voucher and type specimens, most of the geological specimens in the collections at JODA are maintained for future verification of lithologic (rock unit) and pedologic (soil unit) designations in the John Day Region of Eastern Oregon. Other geological specimens are maintained as voucher specimens for age dating analysis (radiometric dating) and petrographic, radioisotopic, paleomagnetic, and other studies. Many of the geological specimens are subject to destructive analysis and the collecting of these specimens is done in anticipation of these and future analysis techniques. Most geological specimens are collected with a research intent (either to name or describe lithological or pedologic units or to conduct petrographic, radioisotopic, paleomagnetic, geochemical, or other analysis) that supports or compliments a larger paleontological inquiry (such as long term climate change, taphonomic, diagenetic, chronological, or environmental context). Any geological collection that supports paleontological research (identified above) should be considered for inclusion to the JODA museum collection. Due to the amount of space and curation effort that geological collections require, there will be an attempt to not repeat collections or accession new collections that are repeated unless new collection methods are employed that make the new collection relevant or unless future analysis techniques are anticipated that make adding new collections necessary. Specimens that are collected as part of a paleomagnetic survey normally undergo destructive analysis and normally will not be accessioned into the JODA museum collections. Geological specimens that are collected simply as curiosities or for aesthetic qualities will be scrutinized for research or educational value before the decision is made to include them in the JODA museum collections. Specimens that offer questionable reference, research, or educational value may be excluded from the JODA museum collections at the discretion of the JODA Museum Curator in consultation with appropriate subject matter specialists. All geological collections will be accessioned at the discretion of the JODA Museum Curator with the consultation of subject matter specialists. 2.5% of the JODA museum collections are Geology. 3. Biology The JODA museum collection of biological specimens is limited to recent flora, fauna, and related byproducts that are either collected inside the boundaries of the monument or are directly related to research, education, or land management actions. For the purposes of identifying and studying the fossil resources at the monument, it is appropriate for the museum to maintain biological specimens for comparative purposes, including both osteological and herbarium specimens. According to the JODA Museum Management Plan, comparative biological specimens should be accessioned and cataloged. Lists of vertebrate and plant taxa that would be useful as comparative specimens are included in Appendix III. These were chosen due to their phylogenetic relatedness and/or morphological similarity to fossil taxa found within the John Day Basin, and would aid future paleontological research. While it is important to expand this comparative collection, growth should be finite and limited to taxa not currently represented within the comparative collections or represented by incomplete specimens. It is important that no organism be killed solely for inclusion in the museum collection. Acquisition of specimens within the park as the byproduct of scientific research, that die by natural or accidental causes (i.e. roadkill), and donations from zoos, botanical gardens, or other sources outside the park should fill the need for comparative materials over an extended period of time. Specimens collected from such sources cannot be replaced and should be accessioned and cataloged. Biological specimens and casts purchased from scientific vendors are replaceable and should not be accessioned or cataloged. It is consistent with the research mandate and ethic practiced at JODA to allow biological specimens collected within the monument, including preserved fishes and invertebrates, vertebrate skins and skeletons, mounted insects, mounted leaves and vegetation, to be housed at non-NPS repositories when doing so will either 1) enhance the research value of the specimens by centralizing a collection, or 2) when subject matter specialists are available at the institution that may offer curation, preservation, and conservation techniques that are greater than the level of care that may be offered at JODA. Offsite curation of biological specimens from JODA will be allowed at the discretion of the JODA Museum Curator, in consultation with the JODA Superintendent and JODA Integrated Resource Manager, and may additionally include consultation with other NPS unit and regional curators and other NPS and non-NPS subject matter specialists. Long-term curation of specimens off-site will require the development of a repository agreement. 0.8% of the JODA museum collections are Biology. B. Cultural CollectionsCultural collections currently make up approximately 55% of the JODA museum collections in terms of number of objects, but occupy less than 10% of the curatorial storage space. The cultural collection is dominated by archives, which have grown dramatically in the last 5 years (see detail below). The diversity and complexity of the collections requires that the curatorial staff have access to appropriate historical and archeological subject matter specialists and NPS support personnel. The historical artifacts that are preserved from the James Cant Ranch Historic District represent many forms of ranch and farm implements that are unique to early twentieth century sheep ranching in Eastern Oregon. The Archives and Library at JODA contain both documents of historical interest, but also scientific field notes, rare books, and rare scientific reprints. Ensuring access to regionally knowledgeable librarians, historians, archivists, and archeologists will enhance the curatorial staff’s ability to address the unique challenges of maintaining historical, archeological, archive, and library collections at JODA.
1. History The JODA museum collection includes many historical artifacts from the James Cant Ranch Historic District, which is a 200-acre ranch complex that exhibits landscape from three historic periods in Eastern Oregon (homestead settlement, sheep ranching, cattle ranching). Two structures survive from the Officer homestead era. The majority of structures, features, and artifacts relate to the sheep ranch era (1910-1946), which is considered the primary period of historical significance. Other artifacts represent unique solutions to or representations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century frontier and ranch life in Eastern Oregon. Accordingly, cultural collections from this district that represent the time from 1890 to 1946 may be deemed relevant to be included in the JODA museum collections if they exhibit features that enhance the cultural understanding of that era, are unique in construction, or contribute to the cultural landscape as identified by the James Cant Ranch Historic District nomination (1984). For specific information on the James Cant Ranch Historic District refer to the 2009 Cultural Landscapes Inventory, 1996 Cultural Landscape Report, 1984 National Register Nomination by Dr. Stephanie Toothman, and the 2013 amendment to the National Register of Historic Places Registration by Florence Lentz and Christy Avery. Only historical materials that have a direct association to the James Cant Ranch Historic District and directly relate to and support key elements of the national register nomination of the James Cant Ranch Historic District should be considered for inclusion in the JODA museum collection. Objects that have been purchased or donated in order to illustrate the theme of sheep ranching or frontier life in the region should not be considered for inclusion in the museum collections unless they have a physical connection to JODA in general or the James Cant Ranch Historic District itself. Memorabilia or former possessions of members of the James Cant Ranch family, their descendants, or neighbors represent the history of the family and should remain the property of the family and not be considered for inclusion into the JODA museum collection unless they contribute directly to the key elements that support the historic nomination of the district. The only exception to this is the loan of such objects for research or interpretive purposes at JODA. In this case, the objects will be accessioned as an incoming loan according to NPS curatorial standards. The JODA Superintendent and NPS cultural history support personnel should be consulted when determining the significance of historical objects from the James Cant Ranch Historic District. Original artwork that depicts the John Day Region and supports the educational or research programs at JODA may be considered for inclusion into the museum collection. Unique or rare paleontology related objects (such as field tools) that have a direct historical connection to JODA are appropriate for inclusion in the museum collection. 1.3% of the JODA museum collections are History. 2. Archeology Archeological studies, compliance, mitigation, and collection of artifacts are coordinated with professional input from NPS and BLM archeologists. It is the practice of JODA natural and cultural history personnel to not collect archeological artifacts unless collection is recommended by a NPS supporting archeologist, cooperating Prineville District BLM Archeologist, or an appropriate subject matter specialist. Park staff and visitors are discouraged from picking up archeological surface finds. Discoveries should be reported to park staff and relayed to the NPS Archeologists or cooperating BLM Archeologists who, in cooperation with NPS personnel, will determine what steps should be taken. Archeological collections, except inalienable and communal property (as defined by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, 25 USC 3001-3013), recovered from within park boundaries through systematic collection are Federal Property and must be retained in the park’s museum collection in accordance with 43 CFR 7.13 and NPS Management Policies (2006). It is consistent with the curatorial practice at JODA to allow the housing of archeological artifacts at a separate repository (either another NPS or approved non-NPS repository) when doing so will enhance the research or management value of the collection by centralizing the material or when curatorial and conservation measures may be employed that are not available at JODA. The decision to house archeological artifacts at a separate repository (either another NPS unit or a non-NPS repository) will be made by the JODA Museum Curator with input from the JODA Superintendent, JODA Integrated Resource Manager, and NPS support personnel. 4.6% of the JODA museum collections are Archeology. 3. Ethnology No ethnological specimens are included in the museum collections at JODA. There are currently no plans to acquire such materials. 0% of the JODA museum collections are Ethnology. 4. Archives The JODA museum collections maintain many different types of archival records. Many of these are associated records of a scientific nature including field notes, maps, manuscripts, rare books, rare reprints, photographs, photographic negatives, and scientific databases. Other archival material includes non-official records, organizational records, personal papers, resource management records, cultural management records, and sub-official (or duplicate) records (for definitions on the types of records refer to the NPS Museum Handbook, Part I, 2:13). NPS policies and procedures for managing records are outlined in NPS Management Policies (2006), NPS Director’s Order 19: Records Management (2001), and Records Management Handbook (2005). Field notes and associated data, collected in conjunction with paleontological, geological, biological, or archeological objects are defined as a subset of archival and manuscript collections and are defined by Department of Interior Manual 411: Managing Museum Property as “site forms, field notes, drawings, maps, photographic slides, negatives, films, video and audio cassette tapes, oral histories, artifact inventories, laboratory reports, computer media and printouts, manuscripts, and reports made or acquired by the Federal government to record information on cultural and natural resources for the purposes of reference or exhibition and or preservation of the Nation’s natural and cultural heritage.” Associated records (those associated with museum objects) are excluded from the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) definition of official records because they qualify as “library and museum materials made or acquired and preserved solely for reference or exhibition purposes…” (44 USC 3301). Associated records generated at JODA are the responsibility of the JODA museum collection. Official records are defined as the original documents created and received in the course of performing the daily work of the NPS, including audit records, budgets, central files, contracting records, financial records, law enforcement records, legal records, permits, personnel records, etc. By law, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) has responsibility for the records of the Federal government. Therefore, official park records that are generated at JODA are not the responsibility of the JODA museum collection (for more information on official records, refer to NPS Director’s Order 19: Records Management). JODA maintains a comprehensive research library that consists of books, manuscripts, scientific journals, Federal and non-federal reports, rare reprints, and rare books. The JODA library consists of approximately 6000 non-electronic titles which are not treated as archives. Maintenance of this library is critical to the scientific, educational, interpretive, and management operations of JODA. The library collection is managed by a collateral duty position at JODA and is governed by a library committee with input from the curatorial staff. In general, the JODA library is separate from the JODA museum collections. JODA has a library plan and access policy (see related document JODA Library Policies and Scope of Collection). The JODA curatorial staff will take an active role in decisions that affect the conditions, storage, and access to the JODA library, especially the rare books, reprints, scientific journals, and manuscripts. In specific instances, library titles are removed from the library and treated as a museum objects or archives (such as JODA 3270, one of the few remaining copies of E.D. Cope’s 1884, The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West, often referred to as “Cope’s Bible”). In all cases the information inside these volumes is available in electronic or photoreproduced formats that remain available in the library collections. It is only the original volume that is considered to be a unique museum artifact. All accessions to the JODA archival collections must be approved by the JODA Museum Curator, but should be in consultation with the Superintendent and NPS curatorial support personnel. The number of objects in the archival collection at JODA has increased from 7% in 2010 to 49% as of 2015. This is the result of receipt of organizational records, resource management records, and 35mm photographic slides from staff members that have retired in the last 10 years. These objects have been accessioned and partially cataloged with the assistance of archivists from the regional office. The rapid growth of this collection is not expected to continue moving forward. IV. MUSEUM COLLECTIONS SUBJECT TO THE NATIVE AMERICAN GRAVES PROTECTION AND REPATRIATION ACT OF 1990The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA), 25 USC 3001-3013, requires, in addition to other actions, a written summary of unassociated funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony. In 1993, the park determined that it has no collections that fall within the scope of the NAGPRA categories (unassociated funerary objects, sacred objects, or objects of cultural patrimony). Acquisition of such objects is not anticipated.NAGPRA requires a written item-by-item inventory of human remains and associated funerary objects. The park has no human remains or associated funerary objects subject to NAGPGA in its museum collection. V. ACQUISITIONThe monument Superintendent, by delegation, represents the Director of the National Park Service and the Secretary of the Interior in accepting title to and responsibility for museum objects. The Superintendent will ensure that all collections acquired are in keeping with this Scope of Collection Statement before accepting the items as part of the permanent collection. The Superintendent bears the ultimate responsibility for the acquisition and proper care and management of the museum collections. The Superintendent has delegated the day-to-day care of the museum collections to the Museum Curator and Museum Technician (Collections Manager). In compliance with Chapter One, Volume II of the NPS Museum Handbook, the Superintendent has designated the Museum Curator as Receiving Officer and the Museum Technician (Collection Manager) as Custodial Officer.Acquisitions to the JODA museum may be by field collection, gift, purchase, exchange, transfer, and loan. Museum objects must be acquired, accessioned, and catalogued in accordance with NPS Museum Handbook, Part II, Museum Records. The acquisition of museum objects is governed by the park’s ability to manage, preserve, and provide access to them according to NPS Management Policies (2006), Chapter 5; the standards for managing museum objects in NPS Director’s Order 24: NPS Museum Collections Management, NPS Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resources Management (1998); the revised Special Directive 80-1 (1990); and the NPS Museum Handbook, Part I, Museum Collections, and Part III, Access and Use. The bulk of new collections at JODA come from field collection by JODA Paleontology Staff and by gift and transfer from other individuals and institutions. The purchase of museum objects is subject to the scrutiny of ethics laid out in the NPS Museum Handbook’s Code of Ethics and by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology’s (SVP) Statement of Ethics. In general, the purchase of museum objects is not pursued by the JODA curatorial staff. The monument will not be partner to, or encourage in any way, the trafficking of illicitly collected materials. All acquisitions must be collected, exported, imported, transported, or otherwise obtained and possessed in full compliance with the laws and regulations of the country of origin, the United States federal government (including NAGPRA), and the individual states of the United States. Donors of paleontological or archeological material must be able to demonstrate legal ownership of the materials and prove that they were not illegally removed from public lands. Gifts of such materials are not normally accepted unless they have been collected in a scientific manner and have adequate provenance data associated with them. The acquisition of firearms included on the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) list of prohibited and restricted weapons requires concurrent review by the Regional Curator and Regional Law Enforcement Specialist. There is no anticipated need to acquire any object for the museum collection that would require such a review. Objects and archives must fit the JODA Scope of Collection and be evaluated based on the nature of the collection (including abundance or uniqueness and condition). Monument staff should not accept any materials offered for donation without prior consultation with curatorial personnel. Determination of whether to retain a new acquisition should be made by an appropriate subject matter specialist; this may require consultation with JODA curatorial staff, NPS curatorial support personnel, the JODA Superintendent, and outside subject matter specialists. All acquisitions must be made in consultation with the JODA Museum Curator. All acquisitions must be accompanied by paperwork that ensures that all objects and archives were acquired legally and are either owned by the donor at the time of donation, thus rendering all accessions the property of the NPS, or are already identified as property of the US Government. Accompanying paperwork may include accurate field notes, DI-105 Receipt for Property, or 10-830 Deed of Gift, as appropriate. The only exception to exclusive ownership will be the accession of incoming loans. Incoming loans must be the property of the institution or individual loaning the material to the NPS. In accordance with NPS policy, the monument will prohibit the acquisition of gifts with restriction or limiting conditions. Incoming loans will be acquired only for a particular purpose, such as research or exhibition, and for a specified period of time. All incoming loans will be accessioned at the discretion of the JODA Musuem Curator. All acquisitions must receive formal approval from the Superintendent before they can be accepted into the museum collection. Upon receipt, all newly acquired objects and related documentation must be turned over to the Museum Curator. The Museum Curator prepares, for the Superintendent’s signature, all instruments of conveyance, and letters of thanks, acceptance, or rejection, and transmits them as appropriate, to the donor, lender, vendor, or other source of acquisition. VI. USES OF COLLECTIONSTo fulfill the goals of the monument as described in the introduction, objects from the museum collections may be used for research, education, public exhibit, and management purposes. The primary considerations for the use of museum objects are the preservation and conservation of each object and the collection as a whole. Researchers and other specialists may examine collections, but only in compliance with the conditions and procedures outlined in NPS Director’s Order 24: NPS Museum Collections Management, NPS Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Management, and the monument’s written collections access policy: JODA Museum Collections Access Policy (Appendix II). All use of the collections and examination of objects and archives must be supervised by a JODA curatorial employee and must be scheduled with a JODA curation employee in advance.Most information regarding the identification and disposition of the collections are available to the public at all times. Only specific information deemed sensitive for management reasons is withheld. Destructive analysis and testing is a legitimate use of museum collections for approved research purposes when: 1) the impact is minor, or 2) the object is common. Approval by the Superintendent is required for such testing, and researchers must comply with restrictions and procedures outlined in NPS Director’s Order 24: NPS Museum Collections Management and NPS Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Management. If an object is rare or significant, a request for destructive analysis should be reviewed by the Regional Curator and may be approved only by the regional director, as outlined in NPS Director’s Orders 24 and 28. In accordance with NPS Management Policies (2006), disinterred human remains or photographs of remains will not be exhibited. Grave goods or other sacred objects will not be displayed if Native Americans who are culturally associated with them or their representation object to such display. Museum objects will not be used consumptively or in interpretive demonstrations without prior authorization, as outlined in NPS Director’s Order 24: NPS Museum Collections Management, NPS Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Management , and Director’s Order 6: Interpretation and Education. The use of reproductions is preferred to the consumptive use of museum objects. Photographs of museum objects are made available to the public to provide an indirect use of the museum collections, through publications and exhibits (including content on the monument website). The credit line for their use should be listed as: National Park Service, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. Many of the monument’s paleontological specimens have been illustrated in publications; their use is noted in the museum record. All exhibits containing museum objects must have proper security, appropriate environmental controls, and proper mounts to ensure the long-term preservation and protection of the objects. Objects may be loaned to qualified institutions for approved purposes in accordance with the NPS Museum Handbook. Institutions must meet accepted museum standards for security, handling, and exhibition of NPS museum objects. Sensitive materials may require additional conditions prior to a loan commitment. Expenses related to loans of museum objects, including return shipping and insurance, will normally be assumed by the borrower. VII. RESTRICTIONSRestrictions related to the acquisition of museum objects and uses of the collections are detailed in Sections IV and V of this statement, additional restrictions are as follows:The final disposition of type specimens will be determined at the Servicewide level and will adhere to recognized professional conventions for established disciplines. All paleontological type specimens are maintained in the collections of JODA. Biological type specimens may be stored at other repositories (including other NPS units, the Smithsonian Institution, or other approved institutions) when doing so enhances the research value of the collection or the repository offers curatorial and conservation expertise not available at JODA. Access to type specimens in the JODA museum collections and specimens under current investigation by researchers and specialists may be limited for security or logistical reasons. Additionally, access may be limited to specimens on loan to outside individuals and institutions. In such cases, access may be gained by contacting the loanee and arranging, at their convenience, to view the specimen(s). In some cases, access may not be available until the loan is returned to JODA. In accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended 16 USC 470 et. seq.), the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (as amended 16 USC 470aa-mm), the National Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998 (16 USC 5937), Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 – Paleontological Resources Preservation (OPLA-PRP, 16 USC 470aaa), and NPS Management Policies (2001, sections 4.1.2 and 5.2.3), the park may withhold from the public sensitive information concerning: rare, threatened, or endangered species; commercially valuable resources; paleontological resources; archeological and other cultural resources; objects of cultural patrimony and sensitive ethnographic information; information provided by individuals who wish the information to remain confidential; and the identities of individuals who wish to remain anonymous. Inquiries of this nature under the Freedom of Information Act (5 USC 552) will be referred to the regional Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and Privacy Act Officer for consultation and possible review. Restrictions may be placed on the publication of images or manuscripts in the museum collection if these are subject to copyright, and this right has not been signed over to the NPS. All endangered, threatened, or rare plants and vertebrate and invertebrate animals will be collected only when accidentally killed or when dead from natural causes. Endangered, threatened, or rare species will never be removed from the monument for the sole purpose of adding a specimen to the museum collection. The collection of threatened, endangered, or rare plant and animal species will comply with NPS Management Policies (2001), be in accordance with the provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (as amended, 16 USC 1531-1543), and will be strictly limited according to the applicable rules of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The monument will not be partner to, or encourage in any way, the trafficking of illicitly collected materials. NPS Management Policies (2006) and Director’s Order 24: NPS Museum Collections Management indicate the park’s designated tribal liaison or superintendent should consult with traditionally associated peoples and cultural and community groups for whom the collection has significance. Archeological objects shall be made available to persons for use in religious rituals or spiritual activities in accordance with 36 CFR 79, Section 79.10(c) Curation of Federally-owned and Administered Archeological Collections. Requests to borrow non-archeological material for religious rituals or spiritual activities will be addressed on a case-by-case basis. VII. MANAGEMENT ACTIONSThis revision of the monument’s Scope of Collection Statement (SOCS) supplements the Museum Management Plan of 2008 and General Management Plan completed in 2009. The SOCS should be reviewed every two years and revised to reflect ongoing updates to the monument’s mission. Appropriate park staff and the Regional Curator should review any revisions to the SOCS, and the Superintendent must approve any revisions to the SOCS.This document should be used in making determinations regarding accessions and deaccessions of museum objects, in accordance with the guidelines found in the NPS Museum Handbook. All deaccessions should be handled in accordance with Chapter 6, Part II of the NPS Museum Handbook and in consultation with the Regional Curator. The JODA paleontological collections, comparative osteology collection, research space, fossil preparation laboratory, library, archives, main interpretive spaces, and museum galleries are housed in a single building that is devoted to the curation, research, and education on the ancient floras and faunas of the John Day Basin. This building, the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center, was constructed between August 2002 and November 2003, and houses all of the JODA Paleontology and Geology collections, as well as the comparative osteology (Biology) and some portions of the Archeology, History, and Archive collections. The James Cant Ranch Historic District has a secure area that houses most of the JODA History, Archives, Archeology, and Biology collections. These collections contain mostly specimens that relate to the cultural history of the James Cant Ranch or represent a small part of the recent flora and fauna currently found at JODA. All paleontological objects collected from JODA since its inception in 1975 are currently accessioned as part of the JODA museum collections and are housed on site. Paleontological collections made from the John Day Region prior to 1975 are curated at more than a dozen repositories in the United States and Europe. These historical collections were made prior to the establishment of the monument and contain important specimens from the area, including type specimens. The most significant collections including the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, CA (UCMP); the Yale Peabody Museum, Vertebrate Paleontology collection and Princeton Collection, New Haven, CT (YPM.VP & YPM.PU respectively); the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, WA (UWBM); the University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History and Oregon Museum of Science and Industry collection, Eugene, OR (UOMNCH & OMSI respectively); the Los Angeles County Museum and California Institute of Technology collection, Los Angeles, CA (LACM and CIT); the American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY (AMNH); the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL (FMNH); the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (USNM); and others. The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture (Seattle, WA) currently serves as repository for a portion of the monument’s biological collection. IX. APPENDIX I: FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS THAT MAY APPLY TO THE JODA MUSEUM COLLECTIONS18 USC 43-44 – The Lacey Act of 190016 USC 431-433 – The American Antiquities Act of 1906 16 USC 1 et seq. – The Organic Act of 1916 16 USC 703-711 – The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 16 USC 461-467 – The Historic Sites Act of 1935 16 USC 668a – The Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 40 USC 483(b) – Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 44 USC 3101 et. seq. – Federal Records Act of 1950 (“Records Management by Federal Agencies”) 16 USC, Sect. 18f – The Museum Properties Management Act of 1955 16 USC 18f – The Reservoir Salvage Act of 1960 16 USC 470-470t, Sect. 110 – The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 5 USC 552 – The Freedom of Information Act of 1966 16 USC 1531-1543 – The Endangered Species Act of 1973 5 USC 552a – The Privacy Act of 1974 16 USC 469-469c – The Archeological and Historical Preservation Act of 1974 17 USC 101 et seq. – The Copyright Act of 1976 42 USC 1996 – The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 16 USC 470aa-mm – The Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 25 USC 3001-3013 – The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) 16 USC 5937 – National Parks Omnibus Management Act of 1998 16 USC 470aaa – Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009, Paleontological Resources Preservation (OPLA-PRP) 44 USC 2109 – Preservation, Arrangement, Duplication, Exhibition of Records 44 USC 3301 et seq. – Disposal of Records 41 CFR 101 – Federal Property Management Regulations (FPMR) 36 CFR 79 – Curation of Federally-owned and Administered Archeological Collections 36 CFR 1228 – Disposition of Federal Records 43 CFR 10 – NAGPRA Final Regulations 43 CFR 7 – Protection of Archeological Resources 43 CFR 3 – Preservation of American Antiquities Department Manual Part 410, pp. 114-160 – Interior Property Management Regulations (IPMR) Department Manual Part 411, Chapters 1-3 – Managing Museum Property NPS Director’s Order 19 – Records Management NPS Director’s Order 24 – NPS Museum Collections Management NPS Director’s Order 28 – Cultural Resources Management NPS Director’s Order 44 – Personal Property Management NPS Director’s Order 55 – Interpreting the National Park Service Organic Act NPS Director’s Order 77 – Natural Resources Management NPS Special Directive 87-3 – Conservation of Archeological Resources NPS Special Directive 91-4 – Ensuring that Natural Resource Projects Fund the Curation of Collections NPS Special Directive 94-6 – Ensuring that Projects Generating Museum Collections Fund Cataloging and Basic Preservation The 1983 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) The 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (implemented in the U.S. by P.L. 97-466 in 1983, 19 USC 2601) This list is not comprehensive and other laws and regulations may apply to the JODA collections that are not specifically listed above. X. APPENDIX II. JODA MUSEUM COLLECTIONS ACCESS POLICYJohn Day Fossil Beds National MonumentMuseum Collections and Laboratory Access Access to all museum collection and laboratory areas is restricted to individuals that have requested access in advance and have a legitimate curatorial or professional reason be in those places. This includes access to the museum collections and accession room, paleontology lab, as well as the museum gallery during non-public admission hours. The legitimate reasons to be in most areas of the Thomas Condon Paleontology Center and Cant Ranch, especially the offices, are many and need not be specifically addressed. The policy regarding access to the museum collection areas and paleontology laboratory requires specific clarification. The museum collections and paleontology laboratory are professional work areas that were designed for specific uses. It is expected that appropriate professionals will be responsible for the areas. Responsibility for all of the paleontology areas (including the laboratory, collections storage, museum gallery during non-public admission hours, accessions storage, and paleontology offices) is ultimately the responsibility monument Superintendent, delegated to the Museum Curator / Chief of Paleontology. Day-to-day operation of the paleontology laboratory is the primary responsibility of the Museum Technician (Fossil Preparator). Day-to-day operation of the museum collections is the primary responsibility of the Museum Technician (Collections Manager). Access to the museum collections and the paleontology laboratory should meet all of the following criteria:
In addition, access for research or educational purposes must be supported with a written research application that identifies specific specimens, taxonomic groups, geological strata, or items that would be studied. This allows equipment to be set up (such as microscopes, photo mounts, and work areas) and specimens to be located in advance. The research application and guidelines for access to museum collections will be provided to all individuals requesting access. Access for commercial purposes (including filming and professional photography) must be coordinated with a NPS film permit. Due to the difficulty of monitoring individuals and risks involved, group tours of the museum collections and paleontology laboratory are generally discouraged. Some professional organizations and university classes may have research or educational interests that relate directly to museum collections, specifically including information that is not available in the museum exhibits. These groups should submit, in lieu of a research application, a written justification of the need access to the collections. Such groups should be limited to less than 10 individuals at a time, so they can be properly supervised by curatorial staff. In lieu of tours of the museum collections and paleontology laboratory, requests can be made to curatorial or interpretive staff to speak to groups in the museum lobby and exhibits. Access to certain museum spaces puts museum objects at risk of breakage, deterioration, and theft. Therefore, unnecessary access to these spaces will be denied. The intention of this policy is not to prevent access to the curatorial spaces, but to ensure the best protection of the NPS property that is housed in these spaces. Signed: ______________________________________ Date _____________ Dr. Joshua X. Samuels, Museum Curator/Chief of Paleontology
XI. APPENDIX III. COMPARATIVE COLLECTIONS ACQUISITIONS LISTSThe following families of organisms represent the closest living relatives of taxa found as fossils at JODA. Acquisitions of comparative specimens from these groups would facilitate the identification and study of fossil species. This list will be revised to remove taxa as comparative specimens are acquired, or to add taxa if new organisms are discovered within the monument.Comparative Osteology Collection List Class / Order / Family
Actinopterygii Amiiformes
Amiidae [bowfin]
Cypriniformes
Cyprinidae [carp and minnows]
Esociformes
Umbridae [mudminnows]
Perciformes
Centrarchidae [sunfish]
Siluriformes
Ictaluridae [catfish]
“Amphibia”
Anura
Ranidae [frogs]
Caudata
Salamandridae [salamanders]
“Reptilia”
Crocodilia
Alligatoridae [alligators]
Crocodylidae [crocodiles]
Chelonia (Testudines)
Chelydridae [snapping turtles]
Emydidae [pond turtles]
Testudinidae [tortoises]
Squamata
Boidae [boas]
Colubridae [constrictors]
Rhineuridae [limbless "lizards"]
Aves
Charadriiformes
Laridae [gulls]
Scolopacidae [sandpipers]
Falconiformes
Cathartidae [New World vultures]
Falconidae [falcons]
Galliformes
Phasianidae [pheasants]
Pelicaniformes
Phalacrocoracidae [cormorants]
Podicipediformes
Podicipedidae [grebes]
Mammalia
Marsupialia
Didelphidae [opossums]
Xenarthra
Megalonychidae [sloths]
Lipotyphla [insectivores]
Erinaceidae [hedgehogs]
Soricidae [shrews]
Talpidae [moles]
Carnivora
Ailuridae [red pandas]
Canidae [dogs]
Felidae [cats]
Mustelidae [weasels, otters, etc.]
Procyonidae [raccoons and ringtails]
Ursidae [bears]
Perissodactyla
Equidae [horses]
Rhinocerotidae [rhinoceroses]
Tapiridae [tapirs]
Artiodactyla
Antilocapridae [pronghorn]
Camelidae [camels]
Hypertragulidae [mouse-deer]
Moschidae [musk deer]
Tayassuidae [peccaries]
Rodentia
Aplodontidae [mountain beavers]
Castoridae [beavers]
Cricetidae [New World mice]
Geomyidae [gophers]
Heteromyidae [pocket-mice]
Sciuridae [squirrels]
Zapodidae [jumping mice]
Lagomorpha
Leporidae [rabbits]
Ochotonidae [pikas]
Chiroptera
Vespertilionidae [evening bats]
Proboscidea
Elephantidae [elephants]
Primates
Cheirogaleidae [dwarf, mouse lemurs]
Equisetopsida
Equisetales
Equisetaceae [horsetails]
Pteridopsida
Polypodiales [ferns]
Polypodiaceae
Pteridaceae
Thelypteridaceae
Ginkgoatae
Order Ginkgoales
Ginkgoaceae [ginkgoes]
Pinatae
Order Pinales
Cupressaceae [cypress, sequoia]
Pinaceae [pines]
Taxodiaceae [baldcypress]
Taxaceae [yews]
Monocots
Arecales
Palmae [palms]
Liliales
Liliaceae [lilies, onions, etc.]
Poales
Typhaceae [cattails]
Zingiberales
Musaceae [bananas]
Zingiberaceae [gingers]
Dicots
Apiales [umbels]
Araliaceae [ginsengs]
Austrobaileyales [star-anises]
Schisandraceae [scarlet woodbines]
Cornales
Cornaceae [dogwoods]
Nyssaceae [hydrangea]
Crossosomatales
Staphyleaceae [bladdernuts]
Erecales
Actinidaceae [chinese gooseberries]
Ebenaceae [ebonies]
Sapotaceae [ sapodillas]
Styracaceae [storax]
Symplocaceae [sweetleafs]
Theaceae [camellias, teas]
Euasterid Clade
Icacinaceae [icacinas]
Fabales
Fabaceae [legumes]
Fagales
Betulaceae [birches, hazels, hornbeams]
Fagaceae [beeches, oaks]
Juglandaceae [walnuts]
Gentianales
Rubiaceae [madders]
Lamiales
Bignoniaceae [trumpet-creepers]
Oleaceae [ashes, lilacs, olives]
Laurales
Lauraceae [laurels, cinnamon]
Magnoliales
Annonaceae [custard-apples]
Magnoliaceae [magnolias]
Malpighiales
Salicaceae [willows, poplars]
Malvales
Malvaceae [mallows]
Myrtales
Combretaceae [Indian-almonds]
Lythraceae [loosestrifes]
Nymphaeales
Nymphaeceae [water-lilies]
Proteales
Platanaceae [plane-trees]
Ranunculales
Berberidaceae [barberries]
Menispermaceae [moonseeds]
Sabiaceae [sabias]
Rosales
Cannabaceae [hackberries, hemp]
Rhamnaceae [buckthorns]
Rosaceae [apples, plums, roses]
Sapindales
Anacardiaceae [pistachioes, sumacs]
Burseraceae [frankincenses]
Meliaceae [mahoganies]
Rutaceae [rues]
Sapindaceae [maple, soapberries]
Cercidiphyllaceae [katsura-trees]
Hamamelidaceae [sweetgums, witch-hazels]
Vitales
Vitaceae [grapes]
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Last updated: November 27, 2022