Insects, Spiders, Centipedes, Millipedes

You can find insects, spiders, and other multi-legged creatures (arthropods) anywhere in the world. So it is no surprise that there are thousands of species of arthropods in Joshua Tree National Park. They range in size from the four-inch-long tarantula (Aphonopelma iodium) and the green darner (Anax junius)-with its four-inch wingspread-to tiny gnats and mites. Joshua Tree's arthropods include the beautiful salmon-colored fairy shrimp (Branchinecta), the five-inch giant desert scorpion (Hadrurus arizonensis), and more than 75 species of butterflies. There are even more kinds of moths than butterflies. The yucca moth (Tegeticula paradoxa) is responsible for pollinating the Joshua trees after which the park is named.

All arthropods feature a hardened outer shell of exoskeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages. The activities of these small animals are most profoundly affected by their immediate environment: all the variations of temperature, moisture, space, and food that delimit their homes. These places are referred to as microhabitats. Some microhabitats are decidedly different from the surrounding environment. Take for example the soft-bodied, moisture-loving larva of the cactus fly (Copestylum mexicana) living in the very humid, warm environment of rotting cactus stems while surrounded by searing desert heat and single-digit relative humidity.

Several species of ants are found on the desert. Their varied adaptations are true wonders of nature. The harvester ants (Pogonomymex and Veromessor) busy themselves collecting seeds, which they store in underground granaries to use during the dry months. The honeypot ants (Myrmecocystus) have an exceptionally weird habit. Some members of the colony swallow so much honey that their abdomens get too large for them to move. They become, in effect, storage jars, providing food for the rest of the colony.

Giant Hairy Scorpion

Family

Luridae

Genus & Species

Hadrurus hirsutus

Description

length: 5.5 inches; color: pale yellow to olive brown. A waxy coating protects the scorpion from water loss.

Food

insects, occasionally small lizards and snakes

Life History

Young are born live and carried on the mother's back for 10-15 days before venturing out on their own.

Habitat

sandy areas

Activity

nocturnal and seldom encountered

Abundance

common

Where to Look

Pinyon Well, Covington Flat, Pleasant Valley, Fried Liver Wash, Twin Tanks

Notes

Scorpions are preyed upon by owls and bats. Their sting has about the same effect as that of a wasp.

Tarantula

Family

Theraphosideae

Genus & Species

Aphonopelma iodium

Description

Body 2-3 inches; 4 inch legs; color is brown to black; covered with thousands of fine hairs. Besides its eight legs, the basic sections of a tarantula's body are its cephalothorax (a fused head and thorax, or chest) and its abdomen. It also has eight closely set eyes.

Food

Insects like beetles and grasshoppers, small lizards and mice. Tarantulas chase down their prey rather than snaring it in webs. Sensitive hairs on the spider's body allow it to detect subtle movements in its immediate environment and "home in" on a victim.

Life History

Mates in fall; litter size is 500 to 1000. Females may live 20 years or more; males may be eaten during mating. Solitary, living one to a burrow.

Habitat

Joshua tree forest; creosote scrub

Activity

When cornered by a predator, the tarantula will rub its hind legs over its abdomen, brushing hairs into its enemy's eyes.

Conservation Status

common

Where to look

Oasis of Mara, Split Rock, Wilson Canyon

Notes

These shy giants are reluctant to attack humans and their venom is no worse than a bee sting. More

Painted Lady

Family

Nymphaliae (Brush-footed)

Genus & Species

Vanessa cardui

Description

upper side has tawny ground color, wing base is brown, oval white spot on forewing, black bar on forewing, hind wing has submarginal white spots; underwings have complex pattern; 2 to 2.5-inch wingspan

Food

thistles, mallow, yellow fiddleneck, sunflowers

Life History

multiple broods; egg pale green, barrel-shaped; laid singly. Caterpillar varies from chartreuse with black marbling to purplish with yellow back stripe

Habitat

parkwide

Conservation Status

common

Where to look

Wilson Canyon, Jumbo Rocks, Indian Cove

Notes

The number of immigrants fluctuates greatly from one year to the next. Unlike the Monarch’s annual round-trip outings, the movements of the Painted Lady are essentially one-way.

Blow Flies

Why Should I Care About Blow Flies?

• Blow flies are really important in crime investigations, like murders! The development of immatures (aka maggots) can help narrow down the time since death.

• They are great pollinators for fruit like mangoes.

• Some species of maggots are good healers. These maggots secrete antimicrobial proteins and will eat only dead tissue as a wound heals.

• Some species of maggots are harmful! The adults lay eggs in animal wounds and the maggots will eat live tissue. One example is sheep strike which hurts sheep and their farmers.

• Adult blow flies can transmit bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli that cause food poisoning.

Blow Fly Maggots

• Maggots don't spontaneously appear! Usually an adult fly has snuck in and laid eggs. They breathe out of their butt! These are called spiracles.
• Maggot development is often used in crime investigations! Changes in temperature, humidity, and even the type of tissue they eat can change how quickly or slowly they develop.
• Maggot therapy has become extremely helpful when healing burn wounds. Sterile maggots are placed on wounds to eat dead tissue. Even maggots have parasitoids! These parasitoid wasps ride the maggot as the maggot wanders away from its food. The wasps make a hole in the pupal casing and lay their eggs on the surface of fly pupae so their larvae can eat the developing fly. ALL ABOUT MAGGOTS!