Doctors in Business - Set 1

A historic photo of four nurses washing their hands.

Aspirus--C&H Hospital--[group of nurses working]--ca. 1905

A School for Nurses

Context:

Doctors and nurses were trained in medicine, but if they worked for a company, they also needed to consider the business as part of their job. Their goals had to benefit the company’s bottom line.

The following letter was written by Millicent Northway, head nurse at the Calumet and Hecla company hospital from 1912 to 1915, which also had a training school for nurses. The field of nursing was becoming more popular and professional in the early 1900s, and Northway felt it was time to make changes.

While reading, pay attention to what arguments Northway made for her new plan and how she worded them. What topics did she use, and what does this uncover about Calumet and Hecla’s values?

 

Calumet and Hecla's School for Nurses letter, page 1

 
A historic document from the MTU Archives.

Millicent B. Northway to James MacNaughton, May 16, 1914, Calumet and Hecla Mining Companies Collection, MS-002, box 47, folder 520, Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Historical Collections, Houghton, MI.

 

 

Calumet and Hecla's School for Nurses letter, page 2

 
A historic document from the MTU Archives.

Millicent B. Northway to James MacNaughton, May 16, 1914, Calumet and Hecla Mining Companies Collection, MS-002, box 47, folder 520, Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Historical Collections, Houghton, MI.

 

 

Calumet and Hecla's School for Nurses letter, page 3

 
A historic document from the MTU Archives.

Millicent B. Northway to James MacNaughton, May 16, 1914, Calumet and Hecla Mining Companies Collection, MS-002, box 47, folder 520, Michigan Tech Archives & Copper Country Historical Collections, Houghton, MI.

 

 

Stop and Reflect:

  • What arguments did Northway make for her new plan? What words did she choose to make her argument?

  • What topics did she use, and what does this uncover about Calumet and Hecla’s values?

 
A historic photo of a three-story hospital building.
A historic photo of a three-story hospital building.

Petermann.Glass Plates.484.C & H Hospital.ca. 1915

Historian's Perspective:

This letter is a great example of how medical staff adapted to the business mindset. Northway knew that if she was going to take more control of the training program and make improvements, the company had to benefit in some way.

Her main arguments were about cost and efficiency, as Calumet and Hecla would get better work out of student nurses if they did not spend energy on chores or travel. She did research ahead of time, selecting a house and laying out calculations that claimed her new plan would save the company $40 per month.

To justify gaining more power over students as head nurse, she used the paternalistic argument:

“We could overlook the way in which they spent their time off duty…”

If Northway had control over how students acted outside of the hospital, she would make sure they were healthier, better rested, and able to give all their effort to the company. This was one of the reasons Calumet and Hecla offered medical care to employees—healthy people were more productive workers.

She ended with an appeal to Calumet and Hecla’s pride by pointing out that “many desirable applicants” had gone to other hospitals in the United States that offered living spaces, but she also knew students who were willing to leave their current schools for Calumet and Hecla. All they had to do was make a few changes to meet modern standards.

Northway clearly understood how to make arguments that would get the managers’ attention.
 

Set 2

Proceed to the next set of documents in the Doctors in Business group.

Doctors in Business - Set 2
 

Last updated: March 13, 2025

Park footer

Contact Info

Mailing Address:

25970 Red Jacket Road
Calumet, MI 49913

Phone:

906 337-3168

Contact Us