Archaeology: What Survives?

4 quartz carved spearheads on a black background with a white paper measuring scale below.
Native American points made of quartz.

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Archaeologists study what humans leave behind. But not everything can survive in the archaeological record. How well things survive is strongly impacted by the materials that they are made of and the environment in which they lie. Given the right combination of material and environment, archaeological remains could survive for millions of years. Other objects may disappear within decades.

Organic materials are more likely to decay and are greatly affected by moisture and air. This includes anything that was once living like human, animal, and plant remains and anything made of them like food, wood, or leather. Unless they are preserved in special conditions, organic remains decay fairly quickly. Most archaeological sites have little to no organic remains.
 
5 various sized shards of pottery, each with different etching and colors on a black background with a measuring scale below.
Shards of pottery from excavations at Manassas National Battlefield Park.

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Inorganic remains survive better, even though some things can rust or break down. Inorganic materials include things like stone, metal, clay, plastic, and glass. These things were never living.
 
7 lead bullets of various sizes on a black background with a measuring scale below.
Bullets from excavations at Manassas National Battlefield Park.

NPS Photo

Common finds at archaeological excavations in Manassas National Battlefield Park include bullets, made of lead, buttons from uniforms made of metal, and shards of pottery.
 

Last updated: March 8, 2025

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